SULPHUR MINING DEPOSITS
Sulfur (sulfur) in nature are usually found in the form of sulfur crystals and can also form compounds with other metals (Group sulfide and sulfo salts) such as galena, sphalerite and pyrite. Decision is usually done with sulfur precipitated mining methods. The sulfur mining done by several methods such as: methods of open pit, underground mining method, method-Process and Frasch mining methods manual
Open pit methods:
Sulfur mining activities carried out by this method for the type of sediment and volcanic stratigraphy that is located close to the surface of the earth. Decision by this method can use simple tools or you can also menggnakan mechanical devices such as shovels, monitor, and dragline excavator. The mined material with this method is loaded and transported to the pole, lorries, dump trucks, and the like then processed further as appropriate.
~ Method of underground mining:
Sulfur mining operations with underground mining method devoted to the deposition of sulfur contained in the subsurface. The mining is done by making the holes opening towards the sediment, such as shafts, tunneling, drift, adit, and others.
~ Methods Frasch-Process:
Mining sulfur by this method was to precipitate sulfur that is covered by a very thick layer of soil. Mining in this way with the injection of hot water (+ 160 ° C) into the pipe to be used. This hot water is used to dissolve the salt dome sulfur from sediment or the like at depths between 150-170 m.
This method is done by making a hole drill equipped with a four pipe diameters of 3-20 cm. Each pipe has a function as follows:
- The first pipeline and serve as a protective sheath
- The second pipe serves to channel the heat
- The third pipe serves as a melt flow.
- Pipe work to include four high-pressure air.
~ Mining Methods Manual:
Mining sulfur by this method if the sulfur content of sediments is not too much or little. Method of extraction with this method is usually done using manual mining tools, such as hoes, crowbars, gancu, and a basket and carried out by labor-intensive system.
CONCLUSION
Sulfur genesis:
In general, precipitated sulfur has a close association with volcanic activity. Some opinions about the genesis of sulfur:
ð Sulfur from H2S which is the result of CaSO4 reduction by carbon and methane. Formation of H2S can be in two ways, namely oxidation by soil water and reaction between H2S with CaSO4.
ð Sulfur de sulpho formed by bacteria vibrio de sulfuricans. Process, sulfate is converted by bacteria into sulfite. Furthermore sulfite is converted to sulfur.
ð The sulfur contained in the gypsum that was deposited directly from poly sulfite.
ð sulfur deposits are found as a result of sublimation solfatara or fumarola which is the result of volcanic activity.
Sulfur properties:
Sulfur crystals based on observations with the eye shows yellow appearance with hardness ranging between 1.5-2.5
And has a specific gravity of 2.05. When burned gives da blue flame produces SO2 gas that smells bad. Melting point at a temperature of 234o-248oF and has electrical conductivity ugly and does not dissolve in water.
Sulfur Composition
In nature, sulfur can be found both as an element in crystal form or in the form of sulfur Lumpur S levels reached 40-60%. Can also be found in the form of sulfur compounds with other metals such as galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and others.
Sulfur Mining and Processing
For mining sulfur deposition can be performed with four multiple methods such as: open pit, underground mine, Frasch-process and mining with manual methods.
For sulfur deposition processing can be done in several ways such as by directly incorporated into the kitchen authoclave. To obtain pure high sulfur levels do sublimation and distillation.
Usefulness of sulfur
Results of sulfur-indutstri typically used in industries such as chemical industries, paint industries, rubber industries, paper mills and other industries so on. Sulfur in chemical industries is the dominant raw material in the manufacture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Distribution of Sulfur
Precipitated sulfur in Indonesia can be found in several provinces are: North Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, North Sulawesi, Maluku.
Open pit methods:
Sulfur mining activities carried out by this method for the type of sediment and volcanic stratigraphy that is located close to the surface of the earth. Decision by this method can use simple tools or you can also menggnakan mechanical devices such as shovels, monitor, and dragline excavator. The mined material with this method is loaded and transported to the pole, lorries, dump trucks, and the like then processed further as appropriate.
~ Method of underground mining:
Sulfur mining operations with underground mining method devoted to the deposition of sulfur contained in the subsurface. The mining is done by making the holes opening towards the sediment, such as shafts, tunneling, drift, adit, and others.
~ Methods Frasch-Process:
Mining sulfur by this method was to precipitate sulfur that is covered by a very thick layer of soil. Mining in this way with the injection of hot water (+ 160 ° C) into the pipe to be used. This hot water is used to dissolve the salt dome sulfur from sediment or the like at depths between 150-170 m.
This method is done by making a hole drill equipped with a four pipe diameters of 3-20 cm. Each pipe has a function as follows:
- The first pipeline and serve as a protective sheath
- The second pipe serves to channel the heat
- The third pipe serves as a melt flow.
- Pipe work to include four high-pressure air.
~ Mining Methods Manual:
Mining sulfur by this method if the sulfur content of sediments is not too much or little. Method of extraction with this method is usually done using manual mining tools, such as hoes, crowbars, gancu, and a basket and carried out by labor-intensive system.
CONCLUSION
Sulfur genesis:
In general, precipitated sulfur has a close association with volcanic activity. Some opinions about the genesis of sulfur:
ð Sulfur from H2S which is the result of CaSO4 reduction by carbon and methane. Formation of H2S can be in two ways, namely oxidation by soil water and reaction between H2S with CaSO4.
ð Sulfur de sulpho formed by bacteria vibrio de sulfuricans. Process, sulfate is converted by bacteria into sulfite. Furthermore sulfite is converted to sulfur.
ð The sulfur contained in the gypsum that was deposited directly from poly sulfite.
ð sulfur deposits are found as a result of sublimation solfatara or fumarola which is the result of volcanic activity.
Sulfur properties:
Sulfur crystals based on observations with the eye shows yellow appearance with hardness ranging between 1.5-2.5
And has a specific gravity of 2.05. When burned gives da blue flame produces SO2 gas that smells bad. Melting point at a temperature of 234o-248oF and has electrical conductivity ugly and does not dissolve in water.
Sulfur Composition
In nature, sulfur can be found both as an element in crystal form or in the form of sulfur Lumpur S levels reached 40-60%. Can also be found in the form of sulfur compounds with other metals such as galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and others.
Sulfur Mining and Processing
For mining sulfur deposition can be performed with four multiple methods such as: open pit, underground mine, Frasch-process and mining with manual methods.
For sulfur deposition processing can be done in several ways such as by directly incorporated into the kitchen authoclave. To obtain pure high sulfur levels do sublimation and distillation.
Usefulness of sulfur
Results of sulfur-indutstri typically used in industries such as chemical industries, paint industries, rubber industries, paper mills and other industries so on. Sulfur in chemical industries is the dominant raw material in the manufacture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Distribution of Sulfur
Precipitated sulfur in Indonesia can be found in several provinces are: North Sumatra, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, North Sulawesi, Maluku.
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