COMPONENT FIELD WORK (JOB SITE COMPONENT)
1. Regional accomplished (Accessibility; Transportation)
Is about the accomplished area or infrastructure that belongs to or is available in the work area. Is close to major roads or railway station, thus simplifying the delivery of heavy equipment (mechanical equipment), heavy equipment is usually sent to a work field using TRAILER TRUCK. If there are no major roads that can be passed TRAILER, it should be made the first, and this will affect the cost of ownership of equipment (cost of ownership) and operating costs (operating cost) of the mechanical equipment.
When there is a focal area of roads, need to know first class road. Is the village street, road or province, then the road to endure what class and how many tons. This all needs to be known in advance, in order to increase the carrying capacity of the road as required to bring work to the area of mechanical devices.
2. Plants circumstances (Vegetation)
Plants or trees that grow in the state of work needs to be known about the field; diameter trees, number of trees per unit area, the average height of each tree, and the kinds of trees. It is necessary to consider the open land in the field of work, whether to cut down or cut down one-on-one mass, then the tree will be used or will be burned. It can thus be determined in advance of equipment that will be used to conduct the tree clearing.
3. Weather (Climatic Condition)
Effects of weather on an area of work (which will take use of mechanical devices) need to know, because it will be used to estimate rainfall in a single year during the last few days. It should be understood that when it rains the use of mechanical equipment can not be effective. Besides, during heavy rains, can not be used instead of mechanical equipment.
For example, in one year should be peeled 1,000,000 CuYd ground cover, and in one year it rained for 2 months, meaning can only work 250 days of work
300 working days, which meant the removal of soil mechanical calculations for one day, the land should be transferred to the work of stripping the overburden is
1,000,000 CuYd: 250 days = 4,000 CuYd / day.
This means that in the selection of mechanical devices for the earthmoving work (eg truck) must be calculated with the transport of production targets CuYd = 4,000 / day.
4. Altitude and temperature (Temperature and Altitude)
a. Altitude (Altitude)
The ability of the machine or "power" engine mechanical equipment / heavy depending on the altitude where the machine is used, so be aware of a workplace where heavy equipment will be used. This is because that the higher a workplace of sea level (pal-sea level), the pressure of the atmosphere decreases. Because atmospheric pressure decreases the workplace is also where the air density decreases, which also resulted in the amount of oxygen in place is also reduced. This has resulted in reduced power to the motor fuel engines "IC engine" (Internal Combustion Engine).
Therefore the use of large equipment / heavy work on a height above sea-pal (sea level), it is necessary correction to the horse power (HP-horse power) of the heavy equipment machines
b. The air temperature
Rising air temperatures, can lead to decreased engine efficiency (engine efficiency). When the air temperature rises then the density (density) of air will drop, causing shrinking amount of oxygen that is in each volume of air. Because
the amount of oxygen decreases, then the efficiency of the engine is also decreased.
Amendments to the Standard HP Standard temperature and pressure
Horse power (HP) engines vary according to the circumstances of air temperature and air pressure local, meaning that when the temperature and air pressure changes, the HP machine also changed. Therefore please note that standard HP engines; HP engine
HP standard is based on:
- Standard air temperature and
- Standard air pressure.
Standard air temperature, is the temperature of the air that has a = 600 F
Standard air pressure, air is the pressure = 29.92 in Hg (barometric pressure).
So when the heavy equipment machinery used in a work area that has air temperature and air pressure is different from the standard, the HP machine is in need of correction.
5. Transport road, slope and distance (Haul road, grade and distance)
State of the roads, distances, road slope and road carrying capacity will greatly affect the ability of machine production, especially production capabilities conveyance. So before conducted an excavation job or job
using heavy equipment, keep in mind the state of the workplace, which is associated with
topography and geological structure. Because it is highly related to the determination of the slope of the road and carrying capacity of the road.
a. Roads Transport (Haul Road)
Haul road is road transport. The haul road must be existence, whether wet or strong, or fairly rough surface. This all needs to be reviewed, because
state of the haul roads will affect the size of rolling resistance (RR) generated by the haul road surface wheel / tire removal equipment
Mechanical soil.
b. Slope (Grade)
Grade is the slope of the haul road, the flatness or steepness greatly affects production (output) of transportation, because of the slope of the road (grade) cause resistance climbs (grade resistance) that must be addressed by conveyance machine.
c. Transport distance (Distance)
Transport distance should also be considered in determining the rate of speed of the conveyance. The speed of the faster rate of conveyance, then the production (output) of transportation are also getting bigger. And it relies on gravity (Rimpull - RP) which
available on the machine. While the tensile strength (RP) is determined by the presence besaranya
glinding prisoners (Rolling Resistance - RR) and resistance climbs (grade Resistance - GR). The greater the RP that could be available at the engine speed of the conveyance is also faster, so the production (output) the greater conveyance.
In addition to the fast pace of conveyance determined by the availability of attractive force (RP) on the machine, is also limited by the short-distance and long-haul road.
6. Cycle Production (Production cycle component)
To obtain production (output) must be considered a specific production cycle. At Mechanical Mined production cycle can include:
a. Loading (Loading).
b. Transportation (Hauling). c. Hoarding (Dumping). d. Return (Return).
e. Putting yourself (Spot).
a. Loading (Loading)
Is a result of the loading of material excavated by the tool-loading and unloading equipment
(Power shovel, back hoe, drag line) were loaded on the means of transportation (hauling equipment). The size and type of equipment used must fit in accordance with field conditions and the state of transport means. That affect the production (output)
unloading equipment (loading equipment) are:
i. Kind / type and condition of the load (including capacity). ii. Type / kind of material that will be done.
iii. Capacity of conveyance (hauling equipment). iv. Load pattern
v. Skill of the operator.
b. Transportation (Hauling)
Is the work of transporting the material. Production (output) of the transport work is influenced by:
i. Angkutnya road conditions.
ii. Many / absence climbs. iii. The ability of the driver.
iv. And other things that affect the speed of transportation (hauling equipment).
c. Hoarding (Dumping)
An accumulation of material work. Hoarding work is influenced by the condition of the dump, easy to maneuver whether or not the conveyance
for hoarding, and is influenced by:
i. Hoarding ways (side dump, rear dump or bottom dump).
ii. The condition of the material to be shed (fragmentation and kelengketannya).
d. Return (Return)
The work of hauling tools to return to the place after spilling cargo loading at dumping sites (landfills). So its time to get back (return time) are also affected by the same things with the time for transporting (hauling time).
e. Placement of self (Spot)
Is to place oneself from the transportation (haulage unit). And easy way whether haulage unit (eg truck) put themselves to be loaded by means unloading (loading equipment), is determined by:
i. This type of tool load (loading machine).
ii. Location or position of unloading (loading equipment).
7. Various material and volume changes
Material to be excavated and handled is soil or rock, it must be known about whether or not the material is easily explored and addressed. Classification
excavated material based on its simplicity, there are four kinds, such as the following:
soil, sand.
clay.
shale, compacted material.
materials which require blasting before it can be extracted, such as andesite, limestone coral.
tahui by operators is:
a G (Specific Gravity).
a. Weight (weight) of material
In the selection of heavy equipment, can not be estimated in advance (of capacity) is not yet known if the "weight per unit" (unit weight) of material
will be addressed. The weight of the unit there are termed:
- SG.
- "Tonnage factor" (ie weight of material per M3, for example 1 M3/1.5 Ton).
b. Swell (development)
"Swell" is the development of a volume of excavated material after its place.
In nature, the material found in the solid state and well consolidated, so that only a few empty sections (void) filled the air at the grain-grain, especially if the items was refined once.
If the excavated material from the original place, there will be a development of the volume (swell). To state how much the development of the volume are two terms, namely:
a. Development factor (Swell factor)
b. Percent development (Percent swell)
Development of a volume of material to know, because that counts the excavation is always based on conditions before the excavated material, which is expressed in a "pay-yard" or "yard bank" or "bank volume" or "in place
volume "or" insitu volume ". While the material is handled (loaded to
transported) always have fluffy material (loose volume).
Development factor numbers (swell factor) any material or different soil classification according to soil type as shown in the following table swell factor:
TABLE Swell REPRESENTATIVE FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF EARTH
Class of Earth
Percent Swell (%)
Clean sand or gravel
Top soil
Clay soil Loamy Common earth
Solid rock
5-15
10-25
10-35
20-45
30-60
50-80
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